10. REFERENCES

10.1 TCD PUBLICATIONS BASEL 1992-95

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Cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity during exposure to equipotent isoflurane and isoflurane in nitrous oxide anaesthesia.

AUTHORS: Strebel S; Kaufmann M; Baggi M; Zenklusen U

SOURCE: Br J Anaesth 1993 Aug;71(2):272-6

ABSTRACT: We have studied the effects of hypocapnia on cerebrovascular changes in two MAC-equivalent anaesthetic regimens, using the transcranial Doppler technique as an index of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 24 healthy ASA I patients undergoing spinal surgery. Eight of the patients were subjected to carbon dioxide reactivity challenges in the awake state. Before surgery, the other 16 patients received, in random order, either 1.15% isoflurane in oxygen or 0.5% isoflurane with 70% nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide reactivity was calculated for each group as the increase in flow velocity per kPa change in PE'CO2 (cm s-1 kPa-1). It was significantly greater for the isoflurane group (14.09 (SD 2.44) cm s-1 kPa-1) and significantly less for the isoflurane-nitrous oxide group (7.95 (1.32) cm s-1 kPa-1) compared with the awake group (11.24 (0.95) cm s-1 kPa-1). We conclude that cerebrovascular responsiveness to changes in arterial carbon dioxide concentration is influenced markedly by the anaesthetic procedure. Hyperventilation is more likely to affect CBF during isoflurane anaesthesia than during an MAC-equivalent isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia.

MJ: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Carbon Dioxide [blood]; Cerebrovascular Circulation [physiology]; Isoflurane; Nitrous Oxide MN: Adult; Carbon Dioxide [physiology]; Middle Age; Surgery, Elective

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Cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity during exposure to equipotent isoflurane and isoflurane in nitrous oxide anaesthesia.

AUTHORS: Strebel S; Kaufmann M; Guardiola PM; Schaefer HG

SOURCE: Anesth Analg 1994 May;78(5):884-8

ABSTRACT: Carbon dioxide reactivity, as measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, was determined during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or midazolam in comparison with an awake control group. Thirty ASA physical status I neurosurgical patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy participated in the study. In randomized order they were subjected to a CO2 reactivity challenge, either under an intravenous anesthesia technique or in the awake state. CO2 reactivity was calculated in each study group as a relative change in middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow velocity per mm Hg change in end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) (%/mm Hg). The cerebrovascular response to changes in CO2 was preserved during intravenous anesthesia. There was a significant difference (P 0.05) in the reactivity slopes between the awake and the anesthetized patients with a small but not significant difference between the propofol and the midazolam group. We conclude that hypocarbia is effective in reducing cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) during intravenous anesthesia, either with propofol or midazolam.

MJ: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Brain [drug effects]; Carbon Dioxide [pharmacology]; Midazolam; Propofol; Vasomotor System [drug effects] MN: Adult; Laminectomy; Middle Age

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Effects of ketamine on cerebral blood flow velocity in humans. influence of pretreatment with midazolam or esmolol.

AUTHORS: Strebel S; Kaufmann M; Maitre L; Schaefer HG

SOURCE: Anaesthesia 1995 Mar;50(3):223-8

ABSTRACT: During normoventilation and 'light', haemodynamically stable, steady-state anaesthesia with isoflurane 0.3%, the effect of ketamine intravenously was investigated in 24 patients randomly assigned to one of the following groups: group 1 (control group) no ketamine, group 2 (ketamine group) ketamine 2 mg.kg-1, group 3 (ketamine/midazolam group) ketamine 2 mg.kg-1 after pretreatment with midazolam and group 4 (ketamine/esmolol group) ketamine 2 mg.kg-1 while maintaining mean arterial blood pressure at a preketamine level with esmolol. Ketamine-induced cerebrovascular changes were measured by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Control readings in patients without ketamine challenge demonstrated stable cardiovascular and cerebrovascular baseline conditions. Cerebral blood flow velocity and mean arterial blood pressure, however, significantly increased after administration of ketamine without pretreatment. The increase in cerebral blood flow velocity could not be blocked by maintaining mean arterial blood pressure at baseline value with esmolol. In contrast, the effects of ketamine on cerebral blood flow velocity and mean arterial blood pressure were prevented by prior administration of midazolam. The results suggest that ketamine may significantly influence intracerebral haemodynamics via a direct drug effect rather than via a secondary effect due to changes in arterial carbon dioxide and/or mean arterial blood pressure.

MJ: Cerebrovascular Circulation [drug effects]; Ketamine [pharmacology] MN: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists [pharmacology]; Adult; Blood Flow Velocity [drug effects]; Blood Pressure [drug effects]; Cerebral Arteries [ultrasonography]; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Midazolam [pharmacology]; Middle Age; Propanolamines [pharmacology]; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

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Nitrous oxide is a potent cerebrovasodilator in humans when added to isoflurane. a transcranial doppler study.

AUTHORS: Strebel S; Kaufmann M; Anselmi L; Schaefer HG

SOURCE: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995 July;39(5):653-8

ABSTRACT: Nitrous oxide during neurosurgical procedures is almost always given in combination with either volatile or intravenous anesthetics. The modifying influence of such interventions has been studied clinically and in experimental settings; the reported findings, however, are inconsistent. The present study compares the cerebrovascular effects of MAC equivalent concentrations of isoflurane alone and isoflurane plus nitrous oxide. Twenty lumbar laminectomy patients randomized either to receive isoflurane or isoflurane plus nitrous oxide were investigated over a dose range from 0.5 to 1.5 MAC. A transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography device was used to measure cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) as an index of anesthethic induced alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF). A small but marginally significant decrease in CBFV at 1 MAC and no change at 1.5 MAC occurred in the isoflurane anesthetized patients. In contrast, a small but significant increase in CBFV at 1 MAC and a very significant increase at 1.5 MAC occurred in the isoflurane plus nitrous oxide anesthetized patients. Nitrous oxide added to an isoflurane anesthetic regimen is concluded to be a potent vasodilator. In addition, the vasodilating effects of nitrous oxide were not uniform, they progressively increased with an increasing isoflurane concentration.

MJ: Cerebrovascular Circulation [drug effects]; Nitrous oxide, isoflurane [pharmacology] MN: Adult; Blood Flow Velocity [drug effects]; Blood Pressure [drug effects]; Cerebral Arteries [ultrasonography]; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

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Dynamic and static cerebral autoregulation during isoflurane, desflurane and propofol anesthesia.

AUTHORS: Strebel S; Lam AM; Matta B; Mayberg TS; Aaslid R; Newell DW

SOURCE: Anesthesiology 1995 July;83(1):66-76

ABSTRACT: Background: We hypothesized that anesthetic agents may have variable influence on dynamic and static cerebral autoregulation. Methods: In the first group (n=24) dynamic autoregulation was assessed from the response of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vmca) to a transient step decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). The transient hypotension was induced by rapid deflation of thigh cuffs after inflation for 3 minutes. In the second group (n=18) static autoregulation was studied by observing Vmca in response to a phenylephrine-induced increase in MABP. All patients were studied first during fentanyl (3 µg.kg-1.hr-1)-nitrous oxide (70%) anesthesia followed by, in randomized manner, isoflurane, desflurane or propofol in low dose (0.5 MAC or 100 µg.kg-1.min-1) and high dose dose (1.5 MAC or 200 µg.kg-1.min-1). The dynamic regulation was assessed from the rate of change in cerebrovascular resistance (CVR=MABP/Vmca) with the blood pressure drop using computer modeling (dROR), whereas the static regulation was assessed from the change in Vmca with change in MABP (sROR). Results: Low dose isoflurane delayed (dROR decreased) but did not reduce the autoregulatory response (sROR intact). Low dose desflurane decreased both dROR and sROR. During 1.5 MAC isoflurane or desflurane autoregulation was ablated (both dROR and sROR impaired). Neither dROR nor sROR changed with propofol. Conclusion: At high doses isoflurane and desflurane impaired autoregulation while propofol preserved it. This may be an important consideration in patients with intracranial pathology.

MJ: Anesthesia, Intravenous, Volatile; Brain [drug effects]; Isoflurane, Desflurane; Propofol; Autoregulation [drug effects] MN: Adult; Blood Flow Velocity [drug effects]; Blood Pressure [drug effects]; Cerebral Arteries [ultrasonography]; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

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10.2 GENERAL PUBLICATIONS

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  1. Basic identification criteria of Doppler microembolic signals. Consensus Committee of the Ninth International Cerebral Hemodynamic Symposium. Stroke 1995 Jun;26(6):1123
  2. Aaslid R. Visually evoked dynamic blood flow response of the human cerebral circulation. Stroke 1987 Jul-Aug;18(4):771-5
  3. Aaslid R; Lindegaard KF; Sorteberg W; Nornes H. Cerebral autoregulation dynamics in humans. Stroke 1989 Jan;20(1):45-52
  4. Aaslid R; Newell DW; Stooss R; Sorteberg W; Lindegaard KF. Assessment of cerebral autoregulation dynamics from simultaneous arterial and venous transcranial Doppler recordings in humans [see comments] Stroke 1991 Sep;22(9):1148-54
  5. Adams RJ; Aaslid R; el Gammal T; Nichols FT; McKie V. Detection of cerebral vasculopathy in sickle cell disease using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Case report. Stroke 1988 Apr;19(4):518-20
  6. Adams RJ; Nichols FT; Figueroa R; McKie V; Lott T. Transcranial Doppler correlation with cerebral angiography in sickle cell disease. Stroke 1992 Aug;23(8):1073-7
  7. Alexandrov AV; Bladin CF; Norris JW. Intracranial blood flow velocities in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994 Jul;25(7):1378-83
  8. Alexandrov AV; Bladin CF; Norris JW. Intracranial blood flow velocities in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994 Jul;25(7):1378-83
  9. Ameriso SF; Paganini-Hill A; Meiselman HJ; Fisher M. Correlates of middle cerebral artery blood velocity in the elderly. Stroke 1990 Nov;21(11):1579-83
  10. Anzola GP; Gasparotti R; Magoni M; Prandini F. Transcranial Doppler sonography and magnetic resonance angiography in the assessment of collateral hemispheric flow in patients with carotid artery disease. Stroke 1995 Feb;26(2):214-7
  11. Anzola GP; Gasparotti R; Magoni M; Prandini F. Transcranial Doppler sonography and magnetic resonance angiography in the assessment of collateral hemispheric flow in patients with carotid artery disease. Stroke 1995 Feb;26(2):214-7
  12. Babikian VL; Hyde C; Pochay V; Winter MR. Clinical correlates of high-intensity transient signals detected on transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1994 Aug;25(8):1570-3
  13. Babikian VL; Hyde C; Pochay V; Winter MR. Clinical correlates of high-intensity transient signals detected on transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 1994 Aug;25(8):1570-3
  14. Barbut D; Hinton RB; Szatrowski TP; Hartman GS; Bruefach M; Williams-Russo P; Charlson ME; Gold JP. Cerebral emboli detected during bypass surgery are associated with clamp removal. Stroke 1994 Dec;25(12):2398-402
  15. Barzo P; Doczi T; Csete K; Buza Z; Bodosi M. Measurements of regional cerebral blood flow and blood flow velocity in experimental intracranial hypertension: infusion via the cisterna magna in rabbits. Neurosurgery 1991 Jun;28(6):821-5
  16. Basic identification criteria of Doppler microembolic signals. Consensus Committee of the Ninth International Cerebral Hemodynamic Symposium. Stroke 1995 Jun;26(6):1123
  17. Batjer HH; Purdy PD; Giller CA; Samson DS. Evidence of redistribution of cerebral blood flow during treatment for an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurgery 1989 Oct;25(4):599-604; discussion 605
  18. Baumgartner RW; Mattle HP; Kothbauer K; Schroth G. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 1994 Dec;25(12):2429-34
  19. Baumgartner RW; Mattle HP; Kothbauer K; Schroth G. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 1994 Dec;25(12):2429-34
  20. Becker G; Greiner K; Kaune B; Winkler J; Brawanski A; Warmuth-Metz M; Bogdahn U. Diagnosis and monitoring of subarachnoid hemorrhage by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurosurgery 1991 Jun;28(6):814-20
  21. Becker G; Perez J; Krone A; Demuth K; Lindner A; Hofmann E; Winkler J; Bogdahn U. Transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in the evaluation of intracranial neoplasms and arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 1992 Sep;31(3):420-8
  22. Birch AA; Dirnhuber MJ; Hartley-Davies R; Iannotti F; Neil-Dwyer G. Assessment of autoregulation by means of periodic changes in blood pressure. Stroke 1995 May;26(5):834-7
  23. Bishop CC; Powell S; Rutt D; Browse NL. Transcranial Doppler measurement of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity: a validation study. Stroke 1986 Sep-Oct;17(5):913-5
  24. Boecher-Schwarz HG; Ungersboeck K; Ulrich P; Fries G; Wild A; Perneczky A. Transcranial Doppler diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage: correlation and analysis of results in relation to the age of patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994;127(1-2):32-6
  25. Bogdahn U; Becker G; Schlief R; Reddig J; Hassel W. Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Results of a phase-two study. Stroke 1993 May;24(5):676-84
  26. Bogdahn U; Becker G; Winkler J; Greiner K; Perez J; Meurers B. Transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in adults. Stroke 1990 Dec;21(12):1680-8
  27. Bornstein NM; Krajewski A; Norris JW. Transcranial Doppler in cerebrovascular disease [letter] Stroke 1987 Jul-Aug;18(4):814-5
  28. Brass LM. Reversed intracranial blood flow in patients with an intra-aortic balloon pump [see comments] Stroke 1990 Mar;21(3):484-7
  29. Brass LM; Duterte DL; Mohr JP. Anterior cerebral artery velocity changes in disease of the middle cerebral artery stem. Stroke 1989 Dec;20(12):1737-40
  30. Brass LM; Pavlakis SG; De Vivo D; Piomelli S; Mohr JP. Transcranial Doppler measurements of the middle cerebral artery. Effect of hematocrit. Stroke 1988 Dec;19(12):1466-9
  31. Brass LM; Prohovnik I; Pavlakis SG; De Vivo DC; Piomelli S; Mohr JP. Middle cerebral artery blood velocity and cerebral blood flow in sickle cell disease. Stroke 1991 Jan;22(1):27-30
  32. Brautaset NJ. Provokable bilateral vertebral artery compression diagnosed with transcranial Doppler. Stroke 1992 Feb;23(2):288-91
  33. Bruno A; Biller J; Silvidi JA. A reason for failure to obtain transcranial Doppler flow signals. Hyperostosis of the skull [letter] Stroke 1988 Feb;19(2):274
  34. Bunegin L; Wahl D; Albin MS. Detection and volume estimation of embolic air in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler sonography. Stroke 1994 Mar;25(3):593-600
  35. Burrows FA; Bissonnette B. Monitoring the adequacy of cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass in children using transcranial Doppler technology. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1993 Jul;5(3):209-12
  36. Chan KH; Dearden NM; Miller JD. The significance of posttraumatic increase in cerebral blood flow velocity: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. Neurosurgery 1992 May;30(5):697-700
  37. Chan KH; Dearden NM; Miller JD; Andrews PJ; Midgley S. Multimodality monitoring as a guide to treatment of intracranial hypertension after severe brain injury. Neurosurgery 1993 Apr;32(4):547-52; discussion 552-3
  38. Chan KH; Miller JD; Dearden NM; Andrews PJ; Midgley S. The effect of changes in cerebral perfusion pressure upon middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation after severe brain injury [see comments] J Neurosurg 1992 Jul;77(1):55-61
  39. Cheng MA; Hoffman WE; Baughman VL; Albrecht RF. The effects of midazolam and sufentanil sedation on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in awake patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1993 Oct;5(4):232-6
  40. Chioffi F; Pasqualin A; Beltramello A; Da Pian R. Hemodynamic effects of preoperative embolization in cerebral arteriovenous malformations: evaluation with transcranial Doppler sonography. Neurosurgery 1992 Nov;31(5):877-84; discussion 884-5
  41. Creissard P; Proust F. Vasospasm diagnosis: theoretical sensitivity of transcranial Doppler evaluated using 135 angiograms demonstrating vasospasm. Practical consequences. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994;131(1-2):12-8
  42. Cruz J. Doppler analysis of CO2 reactivity [letter] J Neurosurg 1994 Nov;81(5):808-9
  43. Czosnyka M; Pickard J; Whitehouse H; Piechnik S. The hyperaemic response to a transient reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure. A modelling study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1992;115(3-4):90-7
  44. Czosnyka M; Richards H; Kirkpatrick P; Pickard J. Assessment of cerebral autoregulation with ultrasound and laser Doppler wave forms--an experimental study in anesthetized rabbits. Neurosurgery 1994 Aug;35(2):287-92; discussion 292-3
  45. Dahl A; Lindegaard KF; Russell D; Nyberg-Hansen R; Rootwelt K; Sorteberg W; Nornes H. A comparison of transcranial Doppler and cerebral blood flow studies to assess cerebral vasoreactivity. Stroke 1992 Jan;23(1):15-9
  46. Dahl A; Russell D; Nyberg-Hansen R; Rootwelt K. A comparison of regional cerebral blood flow and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities: simultaneous measurements in healthy subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992 Nov;12(6):1049-54
  47. Dahl A; Russell D; Nyberg-Hansen R; Rootwelt K. Effect of nitroglycerin on cerebral circulation measured by transcranial Doppler and SPECT. Stroke 1989 Dec;20(12):1733-6
  48. Dahl A; Russell D; Nyberg-Hansen R; Rootwelt K; Bakke SJ. Cerebral vasoreactivity in unilateral carotid artery disease. A comparison of blood flow velocity and regional cerebral blood flow measurements. Stroke 1994 Mar;25(3):621-6
  49. Dahl A; Russell D; Nyberg-Hansen R; Rootwelt K; Mowinckel P. Simultaneous assessment of vasoreactivity using transcranial Doppler ultrasound and cerebral blood flow in healthy subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994 Nov;14(6):974-81
  50. Dahl A; Russell D; Nyberg-Hansen R; Rootwelt K; Mowinckel P. Simultaneous assessment of vasoreactivity using transcranial Doppler ultrasound and cerebral blood flow in healthy subjects. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994 Nov;14(6):974-81
  51. Davis SM; Andrews JT; Lichtenstein M; Rossiter SC; Kaye AH; Hopper J. Correlations between cerebral arterial velocities, blood flow, and delayed ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1992 Apr;23(4):492-7
  52. De Salles AA; Manchola I. CO2 reactivity in arteriovenous malformations of the brain: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. J Neurosurg 1994 Apr;80(4):624-30
  53. De Salles AA; Manchola I. CO2 reactivity in arteriovenous malformations of the brain: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. J Neurosurg 1994 Apr;80(4):624-30
  54. De Witt LD; Wechsler LR. Transcranial Doppler. Stroke 1988 Jul;19(7):915-21
  55. Dernbach PD. Transcranial Doppler determination of brain death [letter] Neurosurgery 1989 Nov;25(5):847
  56. Di Tullio M; Sacco RL; Venketasubramanian N; Sherman D; Mohr JP; Homma S. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of a patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Stroke 1993 Jul;24(7):1020-4
  57. Diehl RR; Henkes H; Nahser HC; Kuhne D; Berlit P. Blood flow velocity and vasomotor reactivity in patients with arteriovenous malformations. A transcranial Doppler study. Stroke 1994 Aug;25(8):1574-80
  58. Diehl RR; Henkes H; Nahser HC; Kuhne D; Berlit P. Blood flow velocity and vasomotor reactivity in patients with arteriovenous malformations. A transcranial Doppler study. Stroke 1994 Aug;25(8):1574-80
  59. Diehl RR; Sliwka U; Rautenberg W; Schwartz A. Evidence for embolization from a posterior cerebral artery thrombus by transcranial Doppler monitoring. Stroke 1993 Apr;24(4):606-8
  60. Doblar DD; Frenette L; Lim YC; Gross G. Immediate detection of carotid arterial thrombosis by transcranial Doppler monitoring. Anesthesiology 1994 Jan;80(1):209-12
  61. Doblar DD; Lim YC; Frenette L; Poplawski S; Ranjan D; Ronderos J. The effect of acute hypocapnia on middle cerebral artery transcranial Doppler velocity during orthotopic liver transplantation: changes at reperfusion. Anesth Analg 1995 Jun;80(6):1194-8
  62. Droste DW; Harders AG; Rastogi E. A transcranial Doppler study of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries performed at rest and during mental activities [see comments] Stroke 1989 Aug;20(8):1005-11
  63. Droste DW; Markus HS; Nassiri D; Brown MM. The effect of velocity on the appearance of embolic signals studied in transcranial Doppler models. Stroke 1994 May;25(5):986-91
  64. Edelman RR; Mattle HP; O'Reilly GV; Wentz KU; Liu C; Zhao B. Magnetic resonance imaging of flow dynamics in the circle of Willis. Stroke 1990 Jan;21(1):56-65
  65. Eden A. Effect of emitted power on waveform intensity in transcranial Doppler [letter; comment] Stroke 1991 Apr;22(4):533-4
  66. Eden A. Effect of emitted power on waveform intensity in transcranial Doppler [letter; comment] Stroke 1994 Feb;25(2):523-4
  67. Endoh H; Shimoji K. Changes in blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery during nonpulsatile hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke 1994 Feb;25(2):403-7
  68. Eng C; Lam AM; Mayberg TS; Lee C; Mathisen T. The influence of propofol with and without nitrous oxide on cerebral blood flow velocity and CO2 reactivity in humans. Anesthesiology 1992 Nov;77(5):872-9
  69. Eng CC; Lam AM; Byrd S; Newell DW. The diagnosis and management of a perianesthetic cerebral aneurysmal rupture aided with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Anesthesiology 1993 Jan;78(1):191-4
  70. Fahlbusch R; Neubauer U; Wigand M; Weidenbecher M; Rockelein G; Thierauf P; Sauer R. Neuro-rhinosurgical treatment of aesthesioneuroblastoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1989;100(3-4):93-100
  71. Field LM; Dorrance DE; Krzeminska EK; Barsoum LZ. Effect of nitrous oxide on cerebral blood flow in normal humans [see comments] Br J Anaesth 1993 Feb;70(2):154-9
  72. Finn JP; Quinn MW; Hall-Craggs MA; Kendall BE. Impact of vessel distortion on transcranial Doppler velocity measurements: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 1990 Oct;73(4):572-5
  73. Firsching R; Heinen-Lauten M; Loeschke G. [The effects of halothane and nitrous oxide on transcranial magnetic evoked potentials] Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1991 Nov;26(7):381-3
  74. Firsching R; Wilhelms S; Hilgers RD. Pyramidal tract lesions in comatose patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991;112(3-4):106-9
  75. Fischer M; Moskopp D; Nadstawek J; Ries F. [Total intravenous anesthesia using propofol and alfentanil as compared to combined inhalation anesthesia reduces the flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery. A Doppler sonographic study] Anaesthesist 1992 Jan;41(1):15-20
  76. Fleischer LH; Young WL; Pile-Spellman J; ter Penning B; Kader A; Stein BM; Mohr JP. Relationship of transcranial Doppler flow velocities and arteriovenous malformation feeding artery pressures [see comments] Stroke 1993 Dec;24(12):1897-902
  77. Fraioli B; Esposito V; Palma L; Cantore G. Hemorrhagic pituitary adenomas: clinicopathological features and surgical treatment. Neurosurgery 1990 Nov;27(5):741-7; discussion 747-8
  78. Fritz W; Kalbarczyk H; Schmidt K. Transcranial Doppler sonographic identification of a subgroup of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus with coexistent vascular disease and treatment failure. Neurosurgery 1989 Nov;25(5):777-80
  79. Fujii Y; Tanaka H; Tsuruoka S; Toyooka H; Amaha K. Middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocity increases during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1994 Jan;78(1):80-3
  80. Gaunt ME; Smith JL; Bell PR; Martin PJ; Naylor AR. Microembolism and hemodynamic changes in the brain during carotid endarterectomy [letter] Stroke 1994 Dec;25(12):2504-5
  81. Geddes LA. Optimal stimulus duration for extracranial cortical stimulation. Neurosurgery 1987 Jan;20(1):94-9
  82. Georgiadis D; Grosset DG; Kelman A; Faichney A; Lees KR. Prevalence and characteristics of intracranial microemboli signals in patients with different types of prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 1994 Mar;25(3):587-92
  83. Georgiadis D; Grosset DG; Kelman A; Faichney A; Lees KR. Prevalence and characteristics of intracranial microemboli signals in patients with different types of prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 1994 Mar;25(3):587-92
  84. Georgiadis D; Grosset DG; Lees KR. Transhemispheric passage of microemboli in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 1993 Nov;24(11):1664-6
  85. Georgiadis D; Kaps M; Siebler M; Hill M; Konig M; Berg J; Kahl M; Zunker P; Diehl B; Ringelstein EB. Variability of Doppler microembolic signal counts in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 1995 Mar;26(3):439-43
  86. Georgiadis D; Kaps M; Siebler M; Hill M; Konig M; Berg J; Kahl M; Zunker P; Diehl B; Ringelstein EB. Variability of Doppler microembolic signal counts in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 1995 Mar;26(3):439-43
  87. Georgiadis D; Konig M; Zunker P; Nabavi D; Stogbauer F; Ringelstein EB. Microembolic signals inpatients referred for echocardiography [letter] Stroke 1995 Mar;26(3):525; discussion 526-7
  88. Georgiadis D; Mackay TG; Kelman AW; Grosset DG; Wheatley DJ; Lees KR. Differentiation between gaseous and formed embolic materials in vivo. Application in prosthetic heart valve patients. Stroke 1994 Aug;25(8):1559-63
  89. Georgiadis D; Mallinson A; Grosset DG; Lees KR. Coagulation activity and emboli counts in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 1994 Jun;25(6):1211-4
  90. Georgiadis D; Mallinson A; Grosset DG; Lees KR. Coagulation activity and emboli counts in patients with prosthetic cardiac valves. Stroke 1994 Jun;25(6):1211-4
  91. Ghaly RF; Stone JL; Levy WJ; Roccaforte P; Brunner EB. The effect of etomidate on motor evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the monkey [see comments] Neurosurgery 1990 Dec;27(6):936-42
  92. Giller CA. A bedside test for cerebral autoregulation using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991;108(1-2):7-14
  93. Giller CA. The frequency-dependent behavior of cerebral autoregulation. Neurosurgery 1990 Sep;27(3):362-8
  94. Giller CA. Transcranial Doppler monitoring of cerebral blood velocity during craniotomy. Neurosurgery 1989 Nov;25(5):769-76
  95. Giller CA; Batjer HH; Purdy P; Walker B; Mathews D. Interdisciplinary evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics in the treatment of arteriovenous fistulae associated with giant varices. Neurosurgery 1994 Oct;35(4):778-82; discussion 782-4
  96. Giller CA; Bowman G; Dyer H; Mootz L; Krippner W. Cerebral arterial diameters during changes in blood pressure and carbon dioxide during craniotomy. Neurosurgery 1993 May;32(5):737-41; discussion 741-2
  97. Giller CA; Giller AM; Batjer HH; Kopitnik TA. An unusual transcranial Doppler waveform associated with vessel distortion in giant intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1994 Jun;34(6):1068-70; discussion 1070-1
  98. Giller CA; Giller AM; Batjer HH; Kopitnik TA. An unusual transcranial Doppler waveform associated with vessel distortion in giant intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1994 Jun;34(6):1068-70; discussion 1070-1
  99. Giller CA; Hodges K; Batjer HH. Transcranial Doppler pulsatility in vasodilation and stenosis. J Neurosurg 1990 Jun;72(6):901-6
  100. Giller CA; Levine BD; Meyer Y; Buckey JC; Lane LD; Borchers DJ. The cerebral hemodynamics of normotensive hypovolemia during lower-body negative pressure. J Neurosurg 1992 Jun;76(6):961-6
  101. Giller CA; Mathews D; Walker B; Purdy P; Roseland AM. Prediction of tolerance to carotid artery occlusion using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg 1994 Jul;81(1):15-9
  102. Giller CA; Mathews D; Walker B; Purdy P; Roseland AM. Prediction of tolerance to carotid artery occlusion using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg 1994 Jul;81(1):15-9
  103. Giller CA; Purdy P; Giller A; Batjer HH; Kopitnik T. Elevated transcranial Doppler ultrasound velocities following therapeutic arterial dilation. Stroke 1995 Jan;26(1):123-7
  104. Giller CA; Steig P; Batjer HH; Samson D; Purdy P. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound as a guide to graded therapeutic occlusion of the carotid artery. Neurosurgery 1990 Feb;26(2):307-11
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